Osmosis Essays - Chemical Properties, Membrane Technology

Osmosis In my experiment, I plan to find out whether the concentration of sugar in water affects how much water will go in to a potato chip. I will do this by having twelve test tubes three with one molar of sugar solution, three with ? molar sugar solution, three with ? molar sugar solution and three with zero molar sugar solution. I will do three of each so I can take an average from the results. Prediction For the investigation I think that the lower the concentration of sugar in the test tube the larger mass the potato chip will be. I think this because I know that Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. Therefore the water molecules pass from a high concentration (in the water itself) to a low concentration (in the potato chip). Therefore, the chips in higher water concentrations will have a larger mass than in higher sugar concentrations. Diagram For Prediction This is a diagram for what I predict will happen in the experiment. If the potato is in one Molar solution then the increase in mass due to osmosis will be little, as there is more sugar than water in the solution. If it is in 0.5 Molar solution, it should increase a little. If it is in pure water then the increase will be quite a lot, as there are many water molecules in water, therefore due to osmosis its mass will increase more that the other two experiments. Fair Test In the investigation, I will make it a fair test by keeping the following things the same: 1. Volume of solution ? 20ml 2. Same size boiling tube 3. Same type of potato 4. Temperature ? Room Temperature 5. Same sugar solution 6. Same size potato borer 7. Time left for ? 48hrs 8. Size of potato chip ? 20mm For all of these criteria, having them not uniform in all of the tests would mean it would not be a fair test. For instance if I had a longer potato the surface area would be bigger and there would be more space for osmosis to occur. Apparatus To do this test I will need ? 1. Twelve test tubes 2. Sugar solution 3. Water 4. Twelve potato chips 5. Size 5 borer 6. Ruler 7. Two test tube racks 8. A Knife Diagram These are diagrams of how the apparatus is used. This first one is about boring the holes in the potato This one is the potato chip in the water solution. Method 1. Take about two or three potatoes and bore twelve potato cylinders out of them using borer size 5. 2. Cut the potato cylinders to 20mm, then set aside. 3. Collect twelve test tubes and put in test tube racks. 4. Measure 20, 10 and 15ml of water three times (3 x 20, 3 x 10 and 3 x 15ml water) then 5. Measure 20, 10 and 5ml of sugar solution three times (3 x 20 3 x 10 and 3 x 5ml sugar solution) 6. Mix these in this order, 20ml water in three test tubes. Three test tubes of 10ml water + 10ml sugar solution. Three test tubes of 15ml water and 5ml sugar solution. Finally three test tubes of 20ml sugar solution. 7. Attempt to put all potato chips in at the same time. 8. Leave for 48hrs. 9. Come back in 48hrs time and take all the potato chips out of the test tubes. 10. Roll them carefully on paper towels or other absorbent material to remove excess water. 11. Weigh each chip individually and record the measurement. Results Molar Mass at start Mass at finish Difference Increase in % 1.00 1.68 1.22 -0.46 -27.38 0.50 1.68 1.36 -0.32 -19.05 0.00 1.68 2.20 0.52 30.95 1.00 1.68 1.22 -0.46 -27.38 0.50 1.68 1.38 -0.30 -17.86 0.00 1.68 1.95 0.27 16.07 1.00 1.68 1.21 -0.47 -27.98 0.50 1.68 1.33 -0.35 -20.83 0.00 1.68 1.90 0.22 13.10 Graphs See attached sheets. Conclusion My results show that the mass of the potato in the experiment with one molar of sugar solution decreased by about -27.68 % which means Osmosis must have occurred because the water leaving the potato's cells into the sugar solution decreased the mass as the sugar molecules can't get into the potato as its molecules are too big. The potato that was in 0.5 molar sugar

How to Start a Story My Simple Guide as a Bestselling Novelist

How to Start a Story My Simple Guide as a Bestselling Novelist How to Start a Story: Writing a Great Opening Line for Your Novel or Nonfiction Book Some say editors and agents can decide against your manuscript within the first three pages. Harsh as that sounds, the truth is worse They can actually pass judgment within the first few paragraphs. If they arent hooked immediately, they move on. That doesn’t sound fair, but we writers must face reality. Except for loved ones and close friends, readers aren’t much more merciful. So even if you’re self-publishing and avoiding the harsh glare of professional eyes, rivet your readers from the get-go or most will close your book without a second thought. There’s no formula for the perfect opener, but great writers have been creating them for centuries. The key, as with every other writing question, is to think reader-first and do what you believe will work best. Novelist Les Edgerton began a short story this way: He was so mean that wherever he was standing became the bad part of town. I’d keep reading, wouldn’t you? You’ll find some favorites below in four categories. Play off these and see what you can come up with for your work in progress. Need help writing your novel?Click here to download my ultimate 12-step guide. How to Start a Story: 4 Types of Opening Lines 1. Surprise Fiction Many years later, as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendà ­a was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice. - Gabriel Garcia Marquez,One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. - George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) It was a wrong number that started it, the telephone ringing three times in the dead of night, and the voice on the other end asking for someone he was not. - Paul Auster, City of Glass (1985) It was the day my grandmother exploded. - Iain M. Banks, The Crow Road (1992) High, high above the North Pole, on the first day of 1969, two professors of English Literature approached each other at a combined velocity of 1200 miles per hour. - David Lodge, Changing Places (1975) Nonfiction By the time Eustace Conway was seven years old, he could throw a knife accurately enough to nail a chipmunk to a tree. - Elizabeth Gilbert, The Last American Man (2002) Every year I bury a couple hundred of my townspeople. - Thomas Lynch, Undertaking: Life Studies From the Dismal Trade (1997) In the fall of 1993, a man who would upend much of what we know about habits walked into a laboratory in San Diego for a scheduled appointment. - Charles Duhigg, The Power of Habit (2012) 2. Dramatic Statement Fiction Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. - Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita (1955) I am an invisible man. - Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (1952) He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. - Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea (1952) Someone must have slandered Josef K., for one morning, without having done anything trulywrong, he was arrested. - Franz Kafka, The Trial (1925) They shoot the white girl first. - Toni Morrison, Paradise (1998) You better not never tell nobody but God. - Alice Walker, The Color Purple (1982) Nonfiction My sharpest memory is of a single instant surrounded by dark. - Mary Karr, The Liars Club (1995) What are you looking at me for? Im not here to stay†¦ - Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969) I was five years old the first time I ever set foot in prison. - Jimmy Santiago Baca, A Place to Stand (2001) Beware thoughts that come in the night. - William Least Heat Moon, Blue Highways (1982) My high school friends have begun to suspect I haven’t told them the full story of my life. - Ishmael Beah, A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier (2007) 3. Philosophical Fiction Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. - Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina (1877) This is the saddest story I have ever heard. - Ford Madox Ford, The Good Soldier (1915) Nonfiction It’s not about you. - Rick Warren, Purpose Driven Life (2002) No comet blazed when I was born. - Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (1989) 4. Poetic Fiction When I finally caught up with Abraham Trahearne, he was drinking beer with an alcoholic bulldog named Fireball Roberts in a ramshackle joint just outside of Sonoma, California, drinking the heart right out of a fine spring afternoon. - James Crumley, The Last Good Kiss (1978) It was just noon that Sunday morning when the sheriff reached the jail with Lucas Beauchamp though the whole town (the whole county too for that matter) had known since the night before that Lucas had killed a white man. - William Faulkner, Intruder in the Dust (1948) Nonfiction The village of Holcomb stands on the high wheat plains of western Kansas, a lonesome area that other Kansans call â€Å"out there.† - Truman Capote, In Cold Blood (1967) When people ask- and seems like people always be askin to where I can’t never get away from it- I say, Yeah, that’s right, my mother name was Henrietta Lacks, she died in 1951, John Hopkins took her cells and them cells are still livin today, still multiplyin, still growin and spreadin if you don’t keep em frozen. - Rebecca Skloot, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (2010) Need help writing your novel?Click here to download my ultimate 12-step guide. Writing A Great Opening Line Is Only the Beginning Then it’s your job to keep the reader with you. So study storytelling, work at creating compelling characters, and become a ferocious self-editor. You just might produce a manuscript that keeps an editor or agent reading all the way through. What are some of your favorite opening lines? Tell me in the comments.

Financial alliance boots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Financial alliance boots - Essay Example What do you think are some of the arguments that could be raised against this policy? The report will provide detailed calculations and will make sure that all assumptions are clearly stated and explained. To determine how effective are the value delivered to the shareholder we need to know whether the actual ratios generated are higher than the implied cost of capital. In other words there must be an evidence to tell that the wealth of the stockholders increased or maximized compared with those companies with are part of the FTSE 100 over the last three years. Please note that shareholder value means increased wealth for purposes of this finance paper since it is assumed that investors invest to increase wealth. The FTSE 100 Index shows â€Å"the 100 most highly capitalized companies listed on the London Stock Exchange,† (Forbes.com (2007), which certain requirements by the FTSE Group, such which include London Stock Exchange full listing with a Sterling or Euro dominated price, complying with certain tests on nationality, free float, and requirements for liquidity. The index is viewed as a barometer of success of the British economy (Guardian Unlimited, 2007) and it not actually a stock exchange. Being part therefore of the FTSE 100 is an indication of top performing companies in UK in terms of stock prices and the company must be doing well. Against therefore the standard which holds the company belonging to the index, how Alliance Boots does perform in delivering value to stockholders. Citing therefore the rates of Alliance Boots, we have the following information for the lasts three years below: Basing from the information above, in terms of delivered stockholder value, it could be deduced that the company is being well in terms of the high dividend yield at 4.2%, 4.8% and 4.8% for the last years ending March 31 of 2006, 2005 and 2004 respectively. Dividend per share was almost